{"id":2833,"date":"2025-07-27T11:12:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-27T11:12:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/?page_id=2833"},"modified":"2025-07-27T17:59:34","modified_gmt":"2025-07-27T17:59:34","slug":"acute-and-chronic-model-induced-by-dextran-sulfate-sodium-dss","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/index.php\/en\/acute-and-chronic-model-induced-by-dextran-sulfate-sodium-dss\/","title":{"rendered":"Acute and chronic model induced by Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2833\" class=\"elementor elementor-2833\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_width_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_padding_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true},&quot;element_pack_global_tooltip_border_radius_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;isLinked&quot;:true}}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f941c6e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f941c6e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;video&quot;,&quot;background_video_link&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/phoenixlab1.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/06\\\/Animation.mp4&quot;,&quot;background_video_start&quot;:0,&quot;background_play_on_mobile&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-video-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-background-video-hosted\" role=\"presentation\" autoplay muted playsinline loop><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8d2276 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f8d2276\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcbee3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dcbee3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Acute and chronic model induced by Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a702c0b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a702c0b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c62afa elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"3c62afa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98adfc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"98adfc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">\ud83d\udd0d WHY IS IT USEFUL?<\/span><br \/>Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is widely used to generate murine models of <span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">ulcerative colitis<\/span> due to its ability to selectively damage the intestinal epithelium and compromise the integrity of the mucosal barrier in the distal colon and rectum. This damage induces clinical manifestations consistent with human pathologies: <span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">weight loss, diarrhea, and occult blood in the stool<\/span>, making it a validated tool for translational IBD studies.<br \/><b><span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">It is used to test the therapeutic efficacy of new drugs.<\/span><\/b><br \/><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">\ud83d\udd0d HOW DOES THE MODEL WORK?<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;\">The <span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">acute phase<\/span> is characterized by strong activation of <\/span><span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">neutrophils and macrophages<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400;\">. In the <span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">chronic phases<\/span>,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed701af elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed701af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cattura21-1024x369.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2409\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cattura21-1024x369.png 1024w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cattura21-300x108.png 300w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cattura21-768x277.png 768w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cattura21.png 1119w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17e9f00 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17e9f00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The image shows the progression of the acute and chronic phases of colon inflammation induced by DSS.<\/span><\/i><b><i><\/i><\/b>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7597673 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7597673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the <span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\">acute colitis<\/span> model induced by DSS, 8\u201312-week-old C57\/Bl6 mice undergo an oral cycle (via drinking water) of 2.5\u20133% DSS (molecular weight 40 kDa), consisting of 7 days of DSS exposure followed by 3\u20137 days of purified water.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the <span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\"><b>chronic colitis<\/b><\/span> model,<\/span><b> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8\u201312-week-old C57\/Bl6 mice undergo 3 oral cycles of 2% DSS, each consisting of 7 days of DSS exposure followed by 7 days of purified water.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b23af elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54b23af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #cfaf7a; font-weight: bold;\"><b>THE ACUTE AND CHRONIC MODEL IS ALSO SUCCESSFULLY PERFORMED IN RATS.<\/b><\/span><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-befa974 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"befa974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39bef37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39bef37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PARAMETERS EVALUATED<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-defcd24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"defcd24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1) Clinical parameters: <\/span><b>Body weight loss<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Disease Activity Index (DAI)<\/b>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c198ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c198ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"282\" src=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture22-1024x282.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2419\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture22-1024x282.png 1024w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture22-300x83.png 300w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture22-768x212.png 768w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture22.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69bc1d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69bc1d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2) Endoscopic parameters: <\/span><b>Mucosal translucency, changes in vascular pattern, fibrin deposits, mucosal granularity<\/b>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe67ba elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cbe67ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We routinely perform endoscopic analyses in murine models of IBD.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The experimental endoscopy setup, called the \u201cColoview system,\u201d consists of a miniature endoscope (1.9 mm outer diameter), a xenon light source, a three-chip camera, and an air pump (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany).<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The endoscopic procedure is displayed on a color monitor, and an endoscopic score is assigned based on the following parameters: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> colon translucency (0\u20133 points), mucosal granularity (0\u20133 points), vascular pattern morphology (0\u20134 points), and presence of fibrin (0\u20134 points).<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cumulative score ranges from 0 (no signs of inflammation) to 14 (very severe endoscopic signs of inflammation).(<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1)<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16e543e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"16e543e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"748\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture23.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2424\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture23.png 748w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture23-300x171.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 748px) 100vw, 748px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb36707 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb36707\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">D\u2019Alessio S et al. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">J Clin Invest.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a02014;<\/span><a style=\"color: #cfaf7a;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jci.org\/124\/9\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">124(9)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:3863-3878.\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"color: #cfaf7a;\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI72189\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI72189<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cecba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9cecba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3) Histological parameters: <\/span><b>RACHMILEWITZ (1)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>DIELEMAN (2) score<\/b>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d6741c elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d6741c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We routinely perform histological analyses on murine colon tissues. A trained pathologist, blinded to the treatment, evaluates inflammation and epithelial repair processes to assign a histological score, according to the criteria described by Rachmilewitz\u00b9 or Dieleman\u00b2 et al. Representative images show that in healthy mice (e.g., Healthy + Vehicle), the tissue layers (mucosa, muscularis mucosae, and submucosa) appear well-structured. In mice with severe DSS-induced colitis (e.g., DSS + Vehicle), the stratification of the layers is no longer preserved: a massive inflammatory infiltrate (red circles) completely fills both the mucosa and submucosa, and the crypts are severely damaged (yellow circle) in most of the distal colon. The epithelium is almost completely eroded, indicating the presence of ulcerations.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a34e991 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a34e991\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"770\" height=\"424\" src=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture24.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2431\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture24.png 770w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture24-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture24-768x423.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1a384d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a1a384d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(1) <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rachmilewitz, D. et al. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gastroenterology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2002; 122: 1428\u20131441; <\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dieleman, Palmen, Akol, et al. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clin Exp Immunol <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1998; 114: 385\u2013391.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M: Mucosa; MM: Musculati mucosae; SM: Submucosa.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c37e124 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c37e124\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfc8dd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfc8dd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4) <\/span><b>IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. We routinely perform immunohistochemical analyses on any type of murine tissue, including intestinal tissue.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-009c22d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"009c22d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1013\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture25.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2435\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture25.png 1013w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture25-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/phoenixlab1.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Capture25-768x379.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1013px) 100vw, 1013px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e0bce2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e0bce2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5) <\/span><b>ADDITIONAL ANALYSES<\/b><b>: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">FACS, RNA sequencing, Metagenomics, Lipidomics, Integrated bioinformatic analyses, Multiplex, RT-PCR, ELISA kits for cytokines and chemokines<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-583f9e7 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"583f9e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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sulfate sodium (DSS) \ud83d\udd0d WHY IS IT USEFUL?Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) is widely 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